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Gogh, Vincent van |
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Gogh, Vincent (Willem) van (b. March 30, 1853, Zundert, Neth.--d. July
29, 1890, Auvers-sur-Oise, near Paris), generally considered the
greatest Dutch painter after
Rembrandt;
he powerfully influenced the
current of
Expressionism
in modern art. His work, all of it produced
during a period of only 10 years, hauntingly conveys through its
striking colour, coarse brushwork, and contoured forms the anguish of
a mental illness that eventually resulted in suicide. Among his
masterpieces are numerous self-portraits and the well-known
The Starry Night (1889).
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Gallery |
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Well-known portraits |
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MORE INFO The Starry Night Painted: June 1889 Oil on canvas 72 x 92 cm The Museum of Modern Art New York |
Vegetable Gardens in Montmartre Painted: 1887 96 x 120 cm |
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MORE INFO Montmartre Painted: 1886 Art Institute of Chicago |
Starry Night over the Rhone Painted: 1888 72.5 x 92 cm |
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The White House at Night (Auvers) Painted: June 1890 Oil on canvas 59 x 72.5 cm |
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Gogh, Vincent van: Biography |
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Gogh, Vincent van
(1853-90).
Dutch painter and draughtsman, with
Cézanne and
Gauguin
the greatest of
Post-Impressionist
artists.
His uncle was a partner in the international firm of picture dealers Goupil and Co. and in 1869 van Gogh went to work in the branch at The Hague. In 1873 he was sent to the London branch and fell unsuccessfully in love with the daughter of the landlady. This was the first of several disastrous attempts to find happiness with a woman, and his unrequited passion affected him so badly that he was dismissed from his job. He returned to England in 1876 as an unpaid assistant at a school, and his experience of urban squalor awakened a religious zeal and a longing to serve his fellow men. His father was a Protestant pastor, and van Gogh first trained for the ministry, but he abandoned his studies in 1878 and went to work as a lay preacher among the impoverished miners of the grim Borinage district in Belgium. In his zeal he gave away his own worldly goods to the poor and was dismissed for his literal interpretation of Christ's teaching. He remained in the Borinage, suffering acute poverty and a spiritual crisis, until 1880, when he found that art was his vocation and the means by which he could bring consolation to humanity. From this time he worked at his new `mission' with single-minded frenzy, and although he often suffered from extreme poverty and undernourishment, his output in the ten remaining years of his life was prodigious: about 800 paintings and a similar number of drawings.
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The Potato Eaters Painted: 1885 Oil on canvas 81.5 x 114.5 cm Gemaldegalerie Rijksmuseum Vincent van Gogh Amsterdam |
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From 1881 to 1885 van Gogh lived in the Netherlands, sometimes in
lodgings, supported by his devoted brother Theo, who regularly sent
him money from his own small salary. In keeping with his humanitarian
outlook he painted peasants and workers, the most famous picture
from this period being
The Potato Eaters
(Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam; 1885).
Of this he wrote to Theo:
`I have tried to emphasize that those people, eating their potatoes
in the lamp-light have dug the earth with those very hands they put
in the dish, and so it speaks of manual labour, and how they have
honestly earned their food'.
In 1885 van Gogh moved to Antwerp on the advice of
Antoine Mauve
(a cousin by marriage), and studied for some months at the Academy
there. Academic instruction had little to offer such an individualist,
however, and in February 1886 he moved to Paris, where he met
Pissarro,
Degas,
Gauguin,
Seurat, and
Toulouse-Lautrec.
At this time his painting underwent a violent metamorphosis under
the combined influence of
Impressionism
and Japanese woodcuts, losing its moralistic flavour of social realism.
Van Gogh became obsessed by the symbolic and expressive values
of colors and began to use them for this purpose rather than, as did
the Impressionists, for the reproduction of visual appearances,
atmosphere, and light.
`Instead of trying to reproduce exactly what I have before my eyes,'
he wrote, `I use color more arbitrarily so as to express myself more
forcibly'.
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The night café Painted: 1888 Yale University Art Gallery |
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Of his
Night Café,
he said: `I have tried to express with red and green the terrible
passions of human nature.'
For a time he was influenced by Seurat's delicate
pointillist
manner, but he abandoned this for broad, vigorous, and swirling
brush-strokes.
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La chambre de Van Gogh à Arles (Van Gogh's Room at Arles) Painted: 1889 Oil on canvas 57 x 74 cm Musee d'Orsay Paris |
Vincent's Room, Arles Painted: 1888 Vincent Van Gogh Foundation Amsterdam |
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Entrance to the Public Garden in Arles Painted: 1888 Oil on canvas 72.5 x 91 cm The Phillips Collection Washington |
MORE INFO Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear Painted: 1889 Oil on canvas 60 x 49 cm Courtauld Institute Galleries London |
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In February 1888 van Gogh settled at Arles, where he painted more
than 200 canvases in 15 months. During this time he sold no pictures,
was in poverty, and suffered recurrent nervous crisis with
hallucinations and depression. He became enthusiastic for the idea
of founding an artists' co-operative at Arles and towards the end
of the year he was joined by Gauguin. But as a result of a quarrel
between them van Gogh suffered the crisis in which occured the
famous incident when he cut off his left ear (or part of it),
an event commemorated in his
Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear
(Courtauld Institute, London).
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Landscape at Saint-Rémy Painted: 1889 Ny Carlsberg Glypotek Copenhagen |
Mountains at Saint-Remy Painted: 1889 Oil on canvas 71.8 x 90.8 cm Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum New York |
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In May 1889 he went at his own request into an asylum at St Rémy, near
Arles, but continued during the year he spent there a frenzied
production of tumultuous pictures such as
Starry Night
(MOMA, New York).
He did 150 paintings besides drawings in the course of this year.
In 1889 Theo married and in May 1890 van Gogh moved to Auvers-sur-Oise
to be near him, lodging with the patron and connoisseur Dr Paul
Gachet. There followed another tremendous burst of strenuous activity
and during the last 70 days of his life he painted 70 canvases.
But his spiritual anguish and depression became more acute and on
29 July 1890 he died from the results of a self-inflicted bullet
wound.
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MORE INFO Gachet, Dr Paul |
L'église d'Auvers-sur-Oise (The Church at Auvers-sur-Oise) Painted: 1890 Oil on canvas 94 x 74 cm Musee d'Orsay Paris |
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Village Street in Auvers Painted: 1890 Oil on canvas 73 x 92 cm Ateneumin Taidemuseo Helsinki |
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He sold only one painting during his lifetime
(Red Vineyard at Arles;
Pushkin Museum, Moscow),
and was little known to the art world at the time of his death,
but his fame grew rapidly thereafter.
His influence on
Expressionism,
Fauvism
and early abstraction was enormous, and it can be seen in many
other aspects of 20th-century art.
His stormy and dramatic life and his unswerving devotion to his ideals
have made him one of the great cultural heroes of modern times,
providing the most auspicious material for the 20th-century vogue
in romanticized psychological biography.
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